My Third Empire

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Because the German economy was in trouble around 1923, in November 1923, at the request of the United Kingdom, two special committees were added. One specializes in how to balance the German budget and stabilize German finance; one is responsible for investigating the outflow of German capital and designing methods for the introduction. Both institutions are chaired by American banker C? G? Dawes.

Then in April 1924, after a thorough analysis, Dawes drew up a plan to solve the problem of compensation, that is, the Dawes plan in history. Due to financial difficulties, the German government was forced to accept the plan in August 1924.

The plan stipulates that Deutsche Bank will be reorganized under the supervision of the Allied Powers, and currency reform will be implemented. The Allied Powers will loan 800 million gold marks (equivalent to 190 million US dollars) to stabilize its currency system. The limit, starting from 1 billion gold marks in the first year (1924-1925), increases year by year, and increases to 2.5 billion gold marks annually in the fifth year (1928-1929).

The financial sources for Germany ’s payment of compensation come from customs duties, tobacco and sugar monopoly taxes, railway income and industrial and commercial enterprise taxes; the issue of 11 billion gold mark railway bonds and 5 billion gold mark industrial bonds; Germany ’s financial foreign exchange, railway operations and tax collection are subject to international Supervision.

In other words, Germany, like China, sold its sovereignty and other sovereignty in exchange for large sums of money, and used these funds to repay war arrears owed to countries around the world.

Originally, Germany hoped to pay the bill, but then the French invasion of the Ruhr industrial zone broke out. Germany had to use France and Belgium to withdraw their troops from Ruhr as a condition for accepting the compensation plan. On August 16, 1924, the plan was accepted by both parties, and France subsequently withdrew from the Ruhr industrial zone.

The implementation of the Dawes plan played an important role in the recovery and development of the German economy in the second half of the 1920s. From a long-term perspective, this plan is good for Germany, because Germany paid 1 billion gold marks to countries in 1924 and received loans of 1.5 billion gold marks from various countries.

However, it is a pity that Germany was busy expanding its military and signing the “New Versailles Peace Treaty” in 1925, so with the efforts of German diplomats this year, the German government paid only 1.1 billion gold marks in war compensation this year. However, loans from the United Kingdom and the United States amounted to 2.5 billion gold marks.

Although the signing of this treaty has benefited Britain and France a lot, in order to cope with the rise of the German armed forces, the Polish government ordered 400 Renault f-17 tanks from France and 95 new fighter jets from Britain. This arms race order has made the French and the British profitable.

However, after the “New Versailles Peace Treaty” was officially signed and implemented, the world was once again aware of the terrible war mobilization capabilities of Germany. In February 1926, the German Defence Force exceeded 250,000, reaching the upper limit of the new peace treaty. The Navy and the Air Force also They were expanded or armed in mid-March and late April respectively.

Britain and France are also afraid that Germany will become stronger again, and will no longer accept their mercy to challenge their international status and even retaliate by force. So the two countries decided to attach another “chain” to the gradually growing Germany.

In July 1926, the famous French hard-line Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré took office in place of Edward Helio. This Prime Minister was one of the main personnel who spurred France to launch a military operation to occupy the Ruhr Industrial Zone. After he took office, the French government began to adopt a tough policy against Germany. France and Belgium began to collect German war arrears. Germany was forced to ask the United Kingdom for help.

Britain did not stand on the side of the Germans this time, but replaced a selfless face of the Grand Duke and appeared between France and Germany as a fair mediator. In the end, President Hindenburg chose to compromise and ordered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to negotiate with France and the United Kingdom to formulate a new treaty.

At the beginning, the situation was very unfavorable to Germany, but the German Minister of Foreign Affairs Streismann showed his outstanding diplomatic skills, working between the United Kingdom and France, changing the unfavorable situation in Germany and completing an impossible. Diplomatic mission.

Soon after, Germany, France, Britain, Poland, Czech Republic, Belgium and other countries met in Locarno, Switzerland, during which several important documents were adopted.

Subsequently, representatives of various countries officially signed in London on December 1, 1926, collectively referring to this series of important documents as the Locarno Convention.

Its main contents include: the final protocol of the Locarno meeting; the “Mutual Assurance Treaty” of Germany, Belgium, France, Italy and Britain, also known as the “Rheinland Security Convention”, which stipulates that Germany, France and Belgium mutually guarantee that Derby and the German-French border are not subject to Infringe, abide by the demilitarization provisions of the Versailles Peace Treaty, Britain and Italy act as a guarantor country and undertake the obligation to assist the aggressed country; the “Arbitration Treaty” between Derby, Germany, France, Deborah, and Dejee provides for Germany Hebi, France, Poland, and Czechoslovakia use peaceful means to resolve disputes between each other. Each group of States parties has established a permanent mediation committee to deal with the issues between the two parties. Support each other during the attack.

The convention guarantees the status quo of the borders between Germany and its neighbors in the west, that is, it clearly stipulates the borders between Germany and France, Belgium and other countries. This has positive significance for improving relations between France and Germany and stabilizing the situation in Europe. But the convention does not give Germany a border with its eastern neighbors to ensure that it does not restrict Germany ’s expansion to the east.

To put it bluntly, this negotiation is a feast to attract Germany to suppress the Soviet Union. It is the first step in the strategy of Britain and France selling Germany in an attempt to divert German aggression. When signing this convention, Germany actually still secretly eyed the Soviet Union, and even more than 400 engineers were helping the Soviet Union build a new battleship of the red regime. The tricks of Britain and France were doomed before they even started.

Even though the situation in Eastern Europe is still tense, the Locarno Convention is still considered by everyone to be an outstanding contribution to the improvement of relations between Western European countries in 1927. The signing of the convention allowed Germany to become the sixth permanent member of the League of Nations in May 1927, to a certain extent, rid of the shadow of a defeated country. Moreover, the treaty clearly stipulates that the Allies must withdraw from the Rhineland in western Germany before January 1928. This compromise makes Germany’s imminent realization of no foreign garrison in the territory in 1928 undoubtedly very exciting.

As the first official institution to maintain world peace and encourage international cooperation, the League of Nations can accept Germany as one of its member states, making a great contribution to achieving peace in Europe.

The signing of the Locarno Convention is another major adjustment made by the Allies to the Versailles system on the issue of European security. It temporarily eased European security issues, improved the relations between the Allies, especially France and Germany, brought European international relations into a period of relative stability, and for the continued implementation of the Dawes plan and the development of German capitalist economy in the mid and late 1920s, Created favorable conditions.

But this convention is not good news for the National Defense Forces. There are many new restrictions on the National Defense Forces, such as reaffirming that the National Defense Forces cannot enter the Rhine Demilitarized Zone, for example, stipulating that Germany must restrict its arms business in the Far East, and for example, that the National Defense Forces must cross the 2 western borders The division was changed to a light infantry division to reduce pressure on the border between France and Belgium.

However, because the British and Italians were in the middle, the result of the signing of the convention weakened France and lost the right of sanctions against Germany as a victorious country. Their own security requires British and Italian guarantees. The German government, not the German side, is the main beneficiary, gaining equal status with France and laying the foundation for its restoration as a political power.

It is regrettable that the Locarno Convention clearly excluded the former Soviet Union from the situation, which made the Soviet Union feel isolated by the West because of the so-called unilateral “Western peace”. Around 1922, the Soviets made use of the Rapallo Treaty and a series of secret cooperations to repair with Germany. However, Western Europe’s current behavior ostensibly pulled Germany toward Western Europe.

But in any case, the attempt of Britain and France to attach another chain to the Germans’ neck was considered complete. For a time, the Western Europe was clear, and the war seemed to be no longer a threat. People were rejoicing and the economic downturn. Because of the improvement in the signing of this convention, even the American Times Weekly commented in a high-profile article: The Germans not only make artillery, but also yearn for peace.

The signing of the convention made Aka much weaker. The government factions and merchant alliances within the Grand German Party finally compromised to all countries in the world. They gave up part of the interests of the National Defense Forces in exchange for their own greater benefits, although on the surface Germany lost much, but from the perspective of the Great German Party, the power of businessmen and politicians overshadowed the military forces of the National Defense Force loyal to Akado alone.

All he can do is silently develop the SS, expanding this paramilitary organization to 100,000 people-this does not include the Gestapo of the National Defense Forces, just like the stormtroopers and cadres. Although the SS does not have an advantage over the size of the 300,000 stormtroopers, most of them are veterans and active officers. Their training level and weaponry are obviously better than their opponents.

At the same time, the National Defense Force was not idle, and secretly purchased 40 No. 3 assault guns from the 25th and 26th Division troops, and secretly stored 300,000 barrels of debt oil from the Soviet Union. Used as a strategic resource reserve in the future.

Of course, in addition to Akado ’s dislike of the Locarno Convention, there was another person who was angry with this convention. This person was Adolf Hitler. The signing of the convention made the German economy improve slightly, and his Nazi party promoted anti-Semitism * The topic is no longer attracting attention, so the development of the Nazi Party has been seriously affected. Seeing that the Congress election is coming, he cannot afford to fail again.